
Sixty years of false dawns: how AI got here
Machines that think have been promised since the 1950s. The story of how the field kept failing, and why each failure taught it something it needed, is the best way to understand what is happening now.
Topic · 4 essays

Machines that think have been promised since the 1950s. The story of how the field kept failing, and why each failure taught it something it needed, is the best way to understand what is happening now.
In 1965, I. J. Good argued that the first machine able to improve itself would be the last invention humanity ever needed to make. Sixty years on, how well does the argument hold up?
Making a capable system do what we actually want, rather than what we literally said, turns out to be one of the hardest problems in computer science. Here is why, without the jargon.
The word is used loosely, often as a synonym for "very good AI". A precise definition matters, because what we fear and what we hope for both depend on it.