A humanoid robot in a robotics lab studies a holographic display of a robotic hand beside a workbench of actuators.

4 min read

From chatbots to agents: the road to general intelligence

ChatGPT made AI a household word in two months. The more important shift came after, when models learned to reason step by step and then to act on their own. Here is how that happened, and why it matters.

  • History
  • Agents
A silver humanoid AI beside a transparent screen showing neural network layers and training charts.

4 min read

The bitter lesson: how scale beat cleverness

Between 2012 and 2022, AI stopped being a collection of clever tricks and became a matter of data and computing power. This is the decade that put superintelligence on the table.

  • History
  • Scaling
Close-up portrait of an early humanoid machine, a human face framed by worn metal plates, cables and gears.

4 min read

Sixty years of false dawns: how AI got here

Machines that think have been promised since the 1950s. The story of how the field kept failing, and why each failure taught it something it needed, is the best way to understand what is happening now.

  • History
  • Foundations